understanding ITF
后端设计中,我们需要知道每条net的RC值来计算timing,RC由process直接决定,不同的导体/绝缘体材料、金属宽度/厚度/间距、制造过程中的光刻/刻蚀/抛光等引起的工艺偏差、工作温度等因素都会导致RC变化。
Foundary会考虑制造过程中的种种因素,建立RC模型,来提供给后端;后端根据此模型,抽取计算得到整条net的RC,继而得出net timing。
Foundary提供的process RC有三种格式:itf,TLU+,nxtgrd;三者可以通过Starrc相互转换。
ITF: Interconnect Technology Format
TLU+: TLU 升级版,synopsys工具用到,根据net width/spacing查表得到cap
NXTGRD: New Xtraction Generic Regression Database
1.ITF structure
三种格式中,itf file是可读的,我们下面就看一下它的内容。
ITF是按芯片的横截面来描述的,从最上层的绝缘层开始,逐层向下描述。ITF文件结构如下:
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TECHNOLOGY = process_name
REFERENCE_DIRECTION = VERTICAL | HORIZONTAL | GATE
[GLOBAL_TEMPERATURE = temp_value]
[BACKGROUND_ER = value]
[HALF_NODE_SCALE_FACTOR = scale_factor]
[USE_SI_DENSITY = YES | NO ]
[DROP_FACTOR_LATERAL_SPACING = value]
DIELECTRIC top_dielectric_name {…}
CONDUCTOR top_conductor_name {…}
[…]
[DIELECTRIC bottom_dielectric_name{…}]
VIA top_via_name {…}
[…]
VIA bottom_via_name {…}
文件最上方为process technology的整体描述,接着是DIELECTRIC/CONDUCTOR的逐层描述,最后是VIA部分。
2.Example of TSMC28HPC+ ITF
下面结合以TSMC的ITF中的M8为例,来详细解析一下。
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$$ 省略文件头和AP,M8比较有代表性。
$$ PS:itf中用$注释
DIELECTRIC PASS2 {THICKNESS=0.668210 ER=4.2 }
DIELECTRIC PASS1 {THICKNESS=0.071590 ER=7.1 }
DIELECTRIC IMD8c {THICKNESS=0.778950 ER=4.2 }
DIELECTRIC IMD8b {THICKNESS=0.051500 ER=7.1 }
DIELECTRIC IMD8a_A {THICKNESS=0.055000 ER=4.2 }
$$ 上面5行说明AP/M8之间有5层绝缘层,THICKNESS为该层厚度,ER为该层相对介电常数ε。
$$ 介电常数ε也被称为电容率,理想金属导体的ε应该是正无穷。
$$ 金属导线的cap值就是和这些绝缘层的ε有关。
CONDUCTOR M8 {THICKNESS= 0.885450
CRT1=3.890e-03 CRT2=-1.500e-07
$$ 这两个值用来计算temperature variation时的电阻, temperature-dependent resistance 为T的二次多项式,如下:
$$ R= CRT2*(T-T0)^2 + CRT1*(T-T0) + R0
SIDE_TANGENT = 0.046869
$$ 理想情况下,金属层的截面应该是规则矩形,但是沉积过程引起的偏差,可能会导致截面为梯形(上宽下窄或上窄下宽)
$$ SIDE_TANGENT指的就是截面斜边偏移角度的正切值(tanΘ);正值表示上宽下窄,负值表示上窄下宽
$$ 这里,我们可以计算得出M8截面是个底角2.68°的上宽下窄的梯形。
POLYNOMIAL_BASED_THICKNESS_VARIATION {
$$ 这部分描述的是工艺过程中M8后端偏差,该值是基于density和width的多项式
DENSITY_POLYNOMIAL_ORDERS { 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 }
$$ 多项式中density的指数
WIDTH_POLYNOMIAL_ORDERS { 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 }
$$ 多项式中width的指数
WIDTH_RANGES {0.9 10.8000}
$$ width分布,这里有两个值,所以下面的多项式系数有三组,分别对应width<=0.9, 0.9<width<10.8, width>10.8的情况
POLYNOMIAL_COEFFICIENTS {
0 -2.09675E+01 4.71013E+01 -3.63903E+01 1.10754E+01
0 2.24127E+01 -5.02114E+01 3.88210E+01 -1.28144E+01
0 -7.76371E+00 1.73158E+01 -1.32161E+01 5.02100E+00
0 9.83830E-01 -2.18583E+00 1.54960E+00 -8.13606E-01
0 -3.44482E-02 7.69210E-02 -3.26943E-02 5.70675E-02
}
$$ 多项式的系数,因为上面density/width指数都有5种,所以多项式有5*5=25项,表格分别为每项的指数,具体为:
$$ delta_thickness =
$$ 0 * D^4W^4 + -2.09675E+01 * D^3W^4 + 4.71013E+01 * D^2W^4 + -3.63903E+01 * D^1W^4 + 1.10754E+01 * D^0W^4
$$ 0 * D^4W^3 + 2.24127E+01 * D^3W^3 + -5.02114E+01 * D^2W^3 + 3.88210E+01 * D^1W^3 + -1.28144E+01 * D^0W^3
$$ 0 * D^4W^2 + -7.76371E+00 * D^3W^2 + 1.73158E+01 * D^2W^2 + -1.32161E+01 * D^1W^2 + 5.02100E+00 * D^0W^2
$$ 0 * D^4W^1 + 9.83830E-01 * D^3W^1 + -2.18583E+00 * D^2W^1 + 1.54960E+00 * D^1W^1 + -8.13606E-01 * D^0W^1
$$ 0 * D^4W^0 + -3.44482E-02 * D^3W^0 + 7.69210E-02 * D^2W^0 + -3.26943E-02 * D^1W^0 + 5.70675E-02 * D^0W^0
POLYNOMIAL_COEFFICIENTS {
8.60236E-04 -2.58636E-02 1.86404E-01 -6.33564E-01 1.60353E+00
-2.01704E-03 6.46872E-02 -4.28490E-01 1.02433E+00 -3.01753E+00
1.99839E-03 -6.92845E-02 4.59826E-01 -7.29301E-01 2.14093E+00
-9.64384E-04 3.62202E-02 -2.60733E-01 3.44576E-01 -7.69564E-01
1.81498E-04 -7.35529E-03 5.84458E-02 -7.00805E-02 1.21186E-01
}
POLYNOMIAL_COEFFICIENTS {
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.060929
}
}
RHO_VS_SI_WIDTH_AND_THICKNESS {
$$ 这部分表示体电阻率(bulk resistivity),该值是基于width和thickness查表得到
WIDTH { 0.3240 0.3600 0.3960 0.4320 0.4680 0.5400 0.7200 1.0800 1.3500 1.8000 2.7000 3.6000 4.5000 5.4000 6.7500 8.1000 9.0000 10.8000 }
THICKNESS { 0.5950 0.6800 0.7650 0.8500 0.9350 1.0200 1.1050 1.1900 1.2750 }
VALUES {
0.0206 0.0204 0.0202 0.0201 0.0200 0.0198 0.0196 0.0193 0.0192 0.0191 0.0190 0.0189 0.0189 0.0189 0.0189 0.0189 0.0189 0.0189
0.0205 0.0203 0.0202 0.0201 0.0200 0.0198 0.0195 0.0192 0.0191 0.0190 0.0189 0.0188 0.0188 0.0188 0.0188 0.0188 0.0188 0.0188
0.0205 0.0203 0.0201 0.0200 0.0199 0.0197 0.0195 0.0192 0.0191 0.0189 0.0188 0.0188 0.0188 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187
0.0204 0.0202 0.0201 0.0200 0.0199 0.0197 0.0194 0.0191 0.0190 0.0189 0.0188 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0186
0.0204 0.0202 0.0201 0.0199 0.0198 0.0197 0.0194 0.0191 0.0190 0.0189 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186
0.0204 0.0202 0.0200 0.0199 0.0198 0.0196 0.0194 0.0191 0.0189 0.0188 0.0187 0.0187 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186
0.0204 0.0202 0.0200 0.0199 0.0198 0.0196 0.0193 0.0190 0.0189 0.0188 0.0187 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185
0.0203 0.0202 0.0200 0.0199 0.0198 0.0196 0.0193 0.0190 0.0189 0.0188 0.0187 0.0186 0.0186 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185
0.0203 0.0201 0.0200 0.0199 0.0198 0.0196 0.0193 0.0190 0.0189 0.0188 0.0186 0.0186 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185
}
}
ETCH_VS_WIDTH_AND_SPACING {
$$ 这部分表示刻蚀宽度偏差。理想情况下,刻蚀的宽度就是mask留的宽度,但实际制造中,光刻和刻蚀会受到线宽和间距影响而引起偏差
$$ 因此,实际的线宽应该是理想线宽减去两倍的刻蚀偏差,real_width=origin-2*etch_value
$$ etch_value为正值时,说明线宽变窄,shrink; etch_value为负值时,说明线宽变宽,expansion
$$ 实际线上电阻应该基于考虑etch后的真实线宽
$$ etch_value通过spacing和width查表得到
SPACINGS { 0.3600 0.5400 0.7200 0.9000 1.0800 1.3500 1.8000 2.2500 2.7000 3.1500 3.6000 4.0500 4.5000 4.9500 5.4000 }
WIDTHS { 0.3600 0.5400 0.7200 0.9000 1.0800 1.3500 1.8000 2.7000 3.6000 4.5000 5.4000 6.7500 8.1000 9.0000 10.8000 }
VALUES {
-0.023150 -0.022300 -0.021450 -0.020650 -0.019800 -0.018950 -0.018100 -0.017300 -0.016450 -0.015600 -0.014800 -0.013950 -0.013100 -0.012250 -0.011450
-0.014300 -0.013100 -0.011900 -0.010700 -0.009500 -0.008350 -0.007150 -0.006000 -0.004800 -0.003600 -0.002450 -0.001200 -0.000050 0.001150 0.002300
-0.001000 0.000250 0.001500 0.002750 0.004050 0.005300 0.006550 0.007800 0.009100 0.010350 0.011600 0.012900 0.014150 0.015400 0.016650
0.008950 0.010350 0.011700 0.013100 0.014550 0.015900 0.017300 0.018700 0.020100 0.021500 0.022900 0.024250 0.025650 0.027050 0.028450
-0.005550 -0.004300 -0.003050 -0.001800 -0.000500 0.000750 0.002000 0.003250 0.004500 0.005750 0.007000 0.008250 0.009550 0.010750 0.012050
-0.001700 -0.000150 0.001450 0.002950 0.004500 0.006100 0.007650 0.009250 0.010800 0.012350 0.013900 0.015450 0.017000 0.018550 0.020150
-0.035000 -0.032850 -0.030650 -0.028500 -0.026350 -0.024200 -0.022050 -0.019900 -0.017700 -0.015550 -0.013400 -0.011250 -0.009050 -0.006900 -0.004750
-0.039750 -0.036550 -0.033350 -0.030150 -0.026950 -0.023700 -0.020500 -0.017300 -0.014050 -0.010850 -0.007650 -0.004400 -0.001200 0.002000 0.005200
-0.032350 -0.028100 -0.023850 -0.019600 -0.015400 -0.011150 -0.006900 -0.002650 0.001600 0.005800 0.010050 0.014300 0.018500 0.022800 0.027050
-0.025800 -0.020500 -0.015250 -0.010000 -0.004750 0.000550 0.005850 0.011100 0.016350 0.021650 0.026900 0.032200 0.037450 0.042750 0.048000
-0.015900 -0.009600 -0.003350 0.002950 0.009250 0.015550 0.021800 0.028150 0.034400 0.040700 0.047000 0.053300 0.059550 0.065850 0.072150
-0.007650 0.000200 0.008050 0.015900 0.023700 0.031550 0.039400 0.047250 0.055100 0.062900 0.070800 0.078600 0.086450 0.094300 0.102150
0.005350 0.014700 0.024100 0.033450 0.042850 0.052200 0.061600 0.070950 0.080350 0.089750 0.099100 0.108500 0.117850 0.127250 0.136600
-0.011200 -0.000750 0.009700 0.020150 0.030600 0.041050 0.051500 0.062000 0.072450 0.082900 0.093350 0.103850 0.114300 0.124750 0.135200
-0.001550 0.011000 0.023500 0.036050 0.048550 0.061100 0.073600 0.086150 0.098700 0.111200 0.123700 0.136250 0.148750 0.161300 0.173800
}
}
WMIN=0.36 SMIN=0.36
$$ WMIN为min width;SMIN为min spacing
CRT_VS_SI_WIDTH {
$$ 上面说过temperature-dependent resistance,两个系数分别为CRT1和CRT2
$$ CRT1/CRT2基于width查一维表得到
(0.3900, 3.6490e-03, -8.5347e-07) (0.4572, 3.6834e-03, -8.5317e-07) (0.5520, 3.7122e-03, -8.2474e-07) (0.7000, 3.7416e-03, -8.9018e-07) (1.0630, 3.7820e-03, -9.4955e-07) (1.3347, 3.7960e-03, -7.8620e-07) (4.4036, 3.8055e-03, -4.7080e-07) (6.5707, 3.8055e-03, -4.7080e-07)
}
}
3. Conclusion
芯片制造过程中的工艺偏差,会导致金属的宽度/厚度/形状发生偏差,继而导致RC的偏差。
thickness = origin - f(density,width)
width = origin - 2*f(spacing,width)
resistivity = f(width,thickness)
R= CRT2*(T-T0)^2 + CRT1*(T-T0) + R0